Islam s Influence On Western Civilization - 969 Words

As history continues, many religions have had an over powering effect on western civilization. When the 5th century arose, the religion, Islam, had an extremely important impact on the civilization. Muhammad, an Arabic prophet founded Islam and began to introduce it the people of his time. Diplomacy, violence, warfare, public laws, and Arabic tradition played a crucial role in the building of the Islamic religion. These important aspects helped shape and build the Islam religion that is now one of the world’s most widely practiced religions. Muhammad now recognized as the most important person in the Islam religion, demonstrated diplomacy. Muhammad’s first followers became his family that stuck by his side, and obeyed his wishes. During the evolving of Muhammad’s teachings, he married eleven different women. â€Å"Muhammad’s marriages are often viewed in political terms. The early biographers state that Muhammad consummated marriage with at least eleven w omen in Medina, most of whom survived him† (Gordon 16-17). Marrying all these different women was nothing but strategy. His wives were from prominent political tribes, which meant that Muhammad was securing and creating political bonds between all of them. This was a very smart move on Muhammad’s part. By marrying all these different women, he had the power to influence the women of political power and move them toward the Islamic religion. This was mapped as the starting point for Islam and it eventually spread through theShow MoreRelatedThe Clash Of Civilisations By Samuel Huntington1110 Words   |  5 Pagesdue to the clash of people s cultural and religious identities. Written from a post cold war perspective in 1993, Huntington discusses how future wars will follow a similar pattern. He focuses especially on the impact of the ‘dominant civilization of the West against the world s contrasting civilizations. Huntington s primary focus of the West as a dominat ing force against the rest is one critique of his argument. In addition, Huntington s definition of a civilization is also very open-ended andRead MoreThe Influences On Western Civilization1559 Words   |  7 PagesThe Influences on Western Civilization by the Hebrew-Christian and Greco-Roman Traditions Western Civilization, as it is known today, is a coalescence of various cultures, ideologies, and practices that have been preserved over centuries of human life. Although a countless number of societies have influenced Western Civilization, Hebrew-Christian civilizations and Greco-Roman civilizations have been the two most influential. Both of these civilizations and their traditions have left equally deepRead MoreThe Cold War Was Easy : Capitalism Vs. 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The Role English in Engineering Free Essays

For non-native English users, English is very important because it is widely spoken all around the world. Knowing English allows people to enjoy their life and work no matter where they are. For engineering students whose mother tongue is not English, mastering English is even more important, not only for their academic life but also for their prospective career. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role English in Engineering or any similar topic only for you Order Now In order to master the engineering knowledge and skills better, engineering students should own the English language competence. Most of the scientific papers or journals in the world are written in English.Most of the engineering graphs are also marked in English. Moreover, most engineering professors in various universities are also conducting their lectures in English. Hence, engineering students should at least master the basic English ability to deal with the countless English lectures, tutorials, labs, projects and papers. Finally, they have to submit their important theses, still in English. When engineering students graduate from the college and become real engineers, they will find that English appears even more crucial than it used to be.Engineers usually work in groups since their task can seldom be solved by an individual. The property of their work determines that being an engineer needs to cooperate and communicate with different people from different part of the world. For non-native English speakers, unfortunately, most of the engineers speak English as the first language or the working language. In order to understand and coordinate with their colleagues and accomplish their projects fluently, engineers have to speak good English. How to cite The Role English in Engineering, Papers

Light Rail Transit For the City of Brisbane- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theLight Rail Transit For the City of Brisbane. Answer: Introduction Cities across the world are growing and developing rapidly and Brisbane is one of them. Light rail transit (LRT) is one of the approaches that many governments are using to enhance building, development and revitalization of cities(City of Hamilton, 2010); (Lee Sener, 2017). The city of Brisbane has experienced significant growth over the past years, in terms of population, tourism, businesses and other aspects of economy. The city has continued to attract people from different parts of the world who visit it for tourism, education, employment, etc. With a population of more than 2 million people, transportation demand is very high in the city of Brisbane and existing public transport network is overstretched. For this reason, it is a good idea and decision for Brisbane City Council to implement a new LRT project in the city. LRT has numerous benefits, including: reduced harmful emissions,(Shang Zhang, 2013) reduced travel time, increased property values(Pan, 2013), increased emplo yment opportunities(Robins Well, 2008), reduced congestion, increased transit ridership(Higgins, et al., 2014), improved human health(MacDonald, et al., 2010);(Stokes, et al., 2007), revitalizing declining areas(Fogarty Austin, 2011); (Kittrell, 2012), increased accessibility, improved social life, etc.. LRT has also become more popular because of the increased awareness of global climate change and therefore governments are using this mode of transport to cut down carbon emissions caused by transportation sector in cities. Therefore LRT will play a major role in solving some of the problems facing Brisbane, which include traffic congestion and pollution. There are several factors that affect implementation of LRT projects. One of these factors is that an LRT network is usually constructed in an area that has a wide-ranging developments, including roads, railways, buildings (commercial, industrial and residential), etc. in other words, an LRT is integrated into existing built environment, which is quite challenging(Xia, et al., 2017). This requires careful profound planning at each stage of the project. As a matter of fact, successful LRT projects are implemented by looking at them from a lifecycle perspective(Love, et al., 2017). This ensures that all design, construction, operation and maintenance decisions are made after comprehensive analysis of their costs, benefits and impacts to the environment, economy and the people. The aim of this paper is to analyze preliminary design; detailed design and development; testing, evaluation, validation and optimization processes of an LRT project in Brisbane. These are very crucial processes that will determine the success or failure of the project. Preliminary design phase This phase comes after completion of conceptual design phase where the design team identified the most preferred LRT system for the city of Brisbane. In this phase, the design team starts to define various components and subsystems of the LRT, demonstrate how the preferred system will meet the project requirements (design and performance specifications), show that the system can be produced with methods that are available, and identify constraints (schedule and cost) that are likely to affect implementation of the preferred system. An LRT system comprises of a wide range of components and subsystems, each with varied specifications. The main categories of these specifications are: type A (system specifications), type B (development specifications), type C (product specifications), type D (process specifications) and type E (material specifications). In type A specifications, the design team defines the required technical, operational, performance, maintenance and support characterist ics of the preferred LRT system. The team identifies all project requirements then performs a feasibility analysis to ensure that crucial technical performance measures are met. In type B specifications, the design team identifies need for new design, developments or research practices. In type C specifications, the design team identifies specifications of individual components of subsystems such as communication systems, software systems, power systems, etc. In type D specifications, the design team identifies the necessary processes or services that the preferred system will require at different subsequent phases, such as construction services, laboratory services, testing services, operation services, maintenance services, etc. In type E specifications, the design team establishes descriptions of materials and/or resources that will be used to construct the final product, such as metals, concrete, wood, polymers, nanomaterials, composites, etc. The main subsystems that the design team analyzes in preliminary design phase include: trail, bridges, stations, control systems, signal and communication systems, power systems, overhead catenary systems, trains or vehicles, etc. To achieve all the objectives of an LRT for the city of Brisbane, the design team has to perform their tasks by following the following design criteria: functional capability, interoperability, sustainability, reliability, maintainability, affordability, safety, security, durability, usability, supportability, serviceability, producibility, disposability, etc. This can only be effectively attained if relevant professionals are involved in each tasks. Therefore some of the systems engineering that are integrated in the preliminary design phase include: design engineering, manufacturing engineering, environmental engineering, software engineering, quality engineering, value engineering, logistics engineering, reliability engineering, maintainability engineeri ng, safety/security engineering and human factors or ergonometric engineering. Each system design task completed in this phase is also analytically reviewed to ensure that all the requirements have been met. Detailed design and development phases After determining all specifications by following the stated design criteria, the design team has to create the blueprints of components, subsystems and the entire LRT system, relevant documents and mockups or models in detailed design and development phase. This phase is completed by following a series of steps(Blanchard Fabrycky, 2010). The first step is to develop design requirements of all components of the LRT system based on various specifications identified in the preliminary design phase. The second step is to perform needed technical activities, such as preliminary and investigation studies, so as to fulfil the objectives of the design. The third step is to integrate all elements and activities of the LRT system to ensure that it is built and operated in the most efficient way possible. The fourth step is to select appropriate design tools, software and supports such as computer-aided drawing, computer-aided engineering, building information modelling, lean construction too ls, simulations, etc. The fifth step is to prepare all the relevant designs and documentation using the selected design tools and software. This includes cost estimations, project programme, component lists, reports, analyses, etc. The sixth step is to develop mockups, engineering models and prototype models from the designs created. This is basically the development phase that comes after detailed design phase. The seventh step is to analyze and implement design reviews, evaluation and feedback. The last step is to incorporate appropriate design changes for the purposes of improving the LRT system based on the design reviews. When performing these tasks, the design team should ensure that technical performance measures are always monitored and controlled. Testing, evaluation and validation processes These processes are established in conceptual design phase and therefore the design team completes the preliminary design and detailed design and development phases knowing what tests, evaluations and validations to implement at each stage. When the tests are determined, their requirements (time, facilities, equipment, tools and personnel) are also identified at that time to allow time for proper planning. The processes basically aim at subjecting each component of the LRT system to relevant tests so as check whether or not it meets the project requirements(Luna, et al., 2013). Testing of individual components is followed by that of subsystems then the entire LRT system. Some of the tests that must be performed are those that determines the LRT systems capability to meet the following requirements: performance, environmental, interoperability, constructability, reliability, structural, maintainability, supportability, software verification, personnel, compatibility, etc. If any compo nent or subsystem fails to pass the test(s) then the design team has to redesign, re-evaluate and review it all over again. At no point should any failed component or system be developed because that is even against engineering code of ethics despite causing losses and damages to the client and other stakeholders. Optimizations This is also a very essential aspect process in the design process of an LRT system. Ever solution always has alternatives and that is why optimization process is provided for in this type of project. The ultimate goal of optimization is to improve the design so as to develop the best solution or alternative. Engineering systems are usually optimized using mathematical models, formulae, calculations and simulations. In this process, the design team uses mathematical models to manipulate values of various components until they obtain the best solution for the project. In this case, the design team will analyze the feasibility of using: renewable energy to drive the light rail trains, locally available construction materials and labour, modular construction, etc. Through optimization, the design team is able to analyze the implications of changes made to different parameters of the LRT system, such as number, size and alignment of tracks, type of system software used, construction meth ods used, type of materials used, etc. This process also involves making several economic decisions that will maximize investment values of all project costs that are incurred. Most importantly is for the design team to implement a solution that will make it easier and possible to control the LRT system during the construction and operation phases. Human factors The city of Brisbane can achieve the goals and objectives of the proposed LRT system only if the designers ensure that there is impeccable interaction between the system and its operators and users during operation phase(Anderson, 2011). This makes it essential to integrate human factors during design process of the LRT system. To achieve this, the designers decisions should be driven by the needs of LTR users(Naweed Moody, 2015). This involves creating appropriate interfaces for the system control and use by considering the jobs, duties and tasks that will be performed by people during service of the system(Edworthy, et al., 2008). When operators are working in a comfortable, safe and pleasant environment, even chances of making mistakes reduce. The designers should consult some current users of LRT systems and use past studies to get relevant data and information. Some of the critical human factors that should be incorporated include: anthropometric factors (physical body dimensio ns of operators and passengers), human sensory factors (vision, hearing/noise, touch/feeling, smell, etc.), and physiological factors (environmental stresses such as temperature extremes, humidity, vibration, noise, radiation, toxic substances, dust, gas, etc.). Various components of the LRT system should be of appropriate dimensions and materials and ensure safety, accessibility, usability, reliability, aesthetics and comfort of users. Most modern LRT systems are controlled through automation and this should also be adequately considered(Dobson, 2015). In general, designers should consider humans as one of the most important components of the LRT system. They have to look at this from the perspectives of LRT system operators, crew and passengers(Jenkins, 2014) so as to ensure optimum user experience. Conclusion and Recommendations The city of Brisbane undoubtedly needs LRT and therefore this project is feasible. Implementing it will bring a variety of economic, environmental and social benefits to the city and its residents. Designers of the proposed LRT should use preliminary design phase, detailed design and development phases, system test, evaluation, validation and optimization to create the best solution of the preferred LRT system and demonstrate that the system is functional, constructible, interoperable, usable, sustainable, reliable, maintainable, supportable, serviceable, durable, disposable, safe and affordable. They design team should also treat human factors as a major component of the system so as to give its users excellent experience. To complete these processes, it is very important for the client to provide all the necessary resources and leadership, in terms of materials, personnel and support. A knowledgeable and experienced project manager should be selected to provide the required leadership and direction for successful completion of the project. The manager should encourage all stakeholders to embrace values, virtues and elements such as creativity, innovation, collaboration, cooperation, self-motivation, positive attitude, effective communication, flexibility, open-mindedness, etc. Above all, the project team has to identify, evaluate, prevent, mitigate and manage all potential risks and ensure that resources are allocated and utilized appropriately. This is a very tasking project and all stakeholders should work together as a team with a common goal design an efficient, safe, interoperable, sustainable, maintainable, serviceable, supportable and affordable LRT system for the city of Brisbane. References Anderson, M., 2011. Contemporary ergonomics and human factors 2011: Proceedings of the international conference on ergonomics and human factors 2011, Stoke Rochford, Lincolnshire, 12-14 April 2011. Boca Raton: CRC Press. Blanchard, B. Fabrycky, W., 2010. Systems engineering and analysis. 5th ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. City of Hamilton, 2010. Moving Hamilton forward with LRT, Hamilton, ON: Public Works Department: City of Hamilton. Dobson, K., 2015. Human factors and ergonomics in transportation control systems. Procedia Manufacturing, Volume 3, pp. 2913-2920. Edworthy, J. et al., 2008. Good practice guide for the design of alarms and alerts, London: Rail Safety Standards Board. Fogarty, N. Austin, M., 2011. Rails to real estate: development patterns along three new transit lines, Washington, DC: Center for Transit-Oriented Development. Higgins, C., Ferguson, M. Kanaroglou, P., 2014. Light rail and land use change: rail transit's role in reshaping and revitalizing cities. Journal of Public Transportation, 17(2), pp. 93-112. Jenkins, D., 2014. Incorporating human factors into train design. [Online] Available at: https://www.ergonomics.org.uk/incorporating-human-factors-into-train-design/ [Accessed 27 September 2017]. Kittrell, K., 2012. Impacts of vacant land values: comparison of metro light rail station areas in Phoenix, Arizona. Transportation Research Record, Volume 2276, pp. 138-145. Lee, R. Sener, I., 2017. The effect of light rail transit on land-use development in a city without zoning. Journal of Transport and Land Use, 10(1). Love, P., Ahiaga-Dagbui, D., Welde, M. Odeck, J., 2017. Light rail transit cost performance: opportunities for future-proofing. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Volume 100, pp. 27-39. Luna, S. et al., 2013. Integration, verification, validation, test and evaluation (IVVTE) framework for system of systems (SoS). Procedia Computer Science, Volume 20, pp. 295-305. MacDonald, J. et al., 2010. The effect of light rail transit on body mass index and physical activity. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 39(2), pp. 105-112. Naweed, A. Moody, H., 2015. A streetcar undesired: investigating ergonomics and human factors issues in the driver-cab interface of Australian trams. Urban Rail Transit, 1(3), pp. 149-158. Pan, Q., 2013. The impacts of an urban light rail system on residential property values: A case study of the Houston METRORAIL Transit Line. Transportation Planning and Technology, 36(2), pp. 145-169. Robins, M. Well, s. J., 2008. Land development at selected Hudson-Bergen light rail stations, New Brunswick, NJ: Alan M Voorhees Transportation Center. Shang, B. Zhang, X., 2013. study of emission reduction: benefits of urbanrail transit. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, Volume 96, pp. 557-564. Stokes, R., J, M. Ridgeway, G., 2007. Estimating the effects of light rail transit on health care costs. Halth Place, 14(1), pp. 45-58. Xia, H. et al., 2017. Challenges in the integration of light rail and land use: A case study of Yizhuang Line in Beijing. Urban Rail Transit, 3(1), pp. 45-53.